E Learning
Learning takes place through conversations about content and grounded interaction about problems and actions. computer games and web browsing). Computer-Based Trainings (CBTs) are self-paced learning activities accessible via a computer or handheld device.An LCMS may be solely dedicated to producing and publishing content that is hosted on an LMS, or it can host the content itself (remote AICC content hosting model). Computer-aided Assessment (also but less commonly referred to as E-assessment), ranging from automated multiple-choice tests to more sophisticated systems is becoming increasingly common. PESC- the Post-Secondary Education Standards Council- is also making headway in developing standards and learning objects for the Higher Ed space, while SIF is beginning to seriously turn towards Instructional and Curriculum learning objects. In the US pK12 space there are a host of content standards that are critical as well- the NCES data standards are a prime example.
In cases where mobile technologies are used, the term M-learning has become more common. By contrast, only about half of private, non-profit schools offer them.
The next stage is to make a Summative Assessment by a new set of questions only covering the topics previously taught. One such example of e-Learning platform based on screencasts is YoHelpOnline. Communication technologies are generally categorized as asynchronous or synchronous.
For instance in companies, it often refers to the strategies that use the company network to deliver training courses to employees and lately in most Universities, e-learning is used to define a specific mode to attend a course or program of study where the students rarely or never meet face-to-face, nor access on-campus educational facilities, because they study online. E-Learning can provide benefits for the organizations and individuals involved. The worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over thirty-eight (38) billion euros according to conservative estimates, although in the European Union only about 20% of e-learning products are produced within the common market By 2006, nearly 3.5 million students were participating in on-line learning at institutions of higher education in the United States. Properly trained staff must also be hired to work with students on-line.
A face to face discussion is an example of synchronous communications. Electronic mail (Email) is also asynchronous in that mail can be sent or received without having both the participants’ involvement at the same time. Synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and information with one or more participants during the same period of time.
Thus it can be seen that e-learning is moving rapidly from the margins to being a predominant form of post-secondary education, at least in the USA. Many higher education, for-profit institutions, now offer on-line classes. LMSs range from systems for managing training/educational records to software for distributing courses over the Internet and offering features for online collaboration. A learning content management system (LCMS) is software for authoring, editing and indexing e-learning content (courses, reusable content objects).
These are self contained units that are properly tagged with keywords, or other metadata, and often stored in an XML file format. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have broad meaning if e-Learning is to be effective.
The field of TEL therefore applies to the support of any learning activity through technology. Along with the terms learning technology, instructional technology, and Educational Technology, the term is generally used to refer to the use of technology in learning in a much broader sense than the computer-based training or Computer Aided Instruction of the 1980s. Asynchronous activities use technologies such as blogs, wikis, and discussion boards.
This is the formative learning stage. E-learning (or electronic learning or eLearning) is a term that encompasses all forms of Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) or very specific types of TEL such as online or Web-based learning.
There is a trend to move toward blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations. Bates and Poole (2003), which refer to web enhanced, web supplemented and web dependent to reflect increasing intensity of technology use.In the Bates and Poole continuum, blended learning can cover classroom aids, laptops and hybrid learning, while distributed learning can incorporate either hybrid or fully online learning. It can be seen then that e-learning can describe a wide range of applications, and it is often by no means clear even in peer reviewed research publications which form of e-learning is being discussed. E-learning, however, also has implications beyond just the technology and refers to the actual learning that takes place using these systems. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used.
It is widely agreed to distinguish collaborative learning from the traditional direct transfer model in which the instructor is assumed to be the distributor of knowledge and skills, which is often given the neologism, E-Learning 1.0, even though this direct transfer method most accurately reflects Computer-Based Learning systems (CBL). In Datacloud: Toward a New Theory of Online Work, Johndan Johnson-Eilola describes a specific computer-supported collaboriatin space: The Smart Board. A growing number of physical universities, as well as newer online-only colleges, have begun to offer a select set of academic degree and certificate programs via the Internet at a wide range of levels and in a wide range of disciplines.
For this reason they are often used to teach static processes, such as using software or completing mathematical equations. It will then give the pupil at least one practice at each slight variation of sifted out questions.
D. This involves making an initial formative assessment by sifting out the incorrect answers.
This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation. In higher education especially, the increasing tendency is to create a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) (which is sometimes combined with a Management Information System (MIS) to create a Managed Learning Environment) in which all aspects of a course are handled through a consistent user interface standard throughout the institution. Nevertheless, the term does not have a universally accepted definition. The term e-learning is ambiguous to those outside the e-learning industry, and even within its diverse disciplines it has different meanings to different people .
With some systems, feedback can be geared towards a student s specific mistakes or the computer can navigate the student through a series of questions adapting to what the student appears to have learned or not learned. The best examples follow a Formative Assessment structure and are called Online Formative Assessment . In addition, several universities offer online student support services, such as online advising and registration, e-counseling, online textbook purchase, student governments and student newspapers. e-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children.
These staff members need to understand the content area, and also be highly trained in the use of the computer and Internet. This reuse is an excellent example of knowledge retention and the cyclical process of knowledge transfer and use of data and records. .
Advocates of social learning claim that one of the best ways to learn something is to teach it to others. However, it should be noted that many early online courses, such as those developed by Murray Turoff and Roxanne Hiltz in the 1970s and 80s at the New Jersey Institute of Technology have put heavy emphasis on the use of learning networks for knowledge construction, long before the term e-learning, let alone e-learning 2.0, was even considered. There is also an increased use of virtual classrooms (online presentations delivered live) as an online learning platform and classroom for a diverse set of education providers such as Minnesota State Colleges and Universities and Sachem School District. In addition to virtual classroom environments, social networks have become an important part of E-learning 2.0. With the combination of video and audio, the expert can mimic the one on one experience of the classroom and deliver clear, complete instructions.
CBTs typically present content in a linear fashion, much like reading an online book or manual. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training. The recent trend in the e-Learning sector is screencasting.
However, Bates and Poole argue that when instructors say they are using e-learning, this most often refers to the use of technology as classroom aids, although over time, there has been a gradual increase in fully online learning (see Market above). Computer-based learning, sometimes abbreviated to CBL, refers to the use of computers as a key component of the educational environment. The author/teacher will then explain what the pupil should have done with each question.
In Datacloud, Johnson-Eilola asserts that “ Johnson-Eilola further explains that with the Smart Board “…information work becom Technology enhanced learning (TEL) has the goal to provide socio-technical innovations (also improving efficiency and cost effectiveness) for e-learning practices, regarding individuals and organizations, independent of time, place and pace. Typically the creation of effective CBTs requires enormous resources.
Private institutions may become more involved with on-line presentations as the cost of instituting such a system decreases. The term Computer-Based Training is often used interchangeably with Web-based training (WBT) with the primary difference being the delivery method.
Today many technologies can be, and are, used in e-Learning, from blogs to collaborative software, ePortfolios, and virtual classrooms. Where CBTs are typically delivered via CD-ROM, WBTs are delivered via the Internet using a web browser.
Lately context-aware ubiquitous technology has been providing an innovative way for written and oral communications by using a mobile device with sensors and RFID readers and tags (Liu & Hwang 2009). A learning management system (LMS) is software for delivering, tracking and managing training/education. There are both proprietary and open, non-commercial and commercial, peer-reviewed repositories of learning objects such as the Merlot repository. A common standard format for e-learning content is SCORM whilst other specifications allow for the transporting of learning objects (Schools Framework) or categorizing metadata (LOM). These standards themselves are early in the maturity process with the oldest being 8 years old.
Another advantage to CBTs are that they can be easily distributed to a wide audience at a relatively low cost once the initial development is completed. However, CBTs pose some learning challenges as well. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national interpretation.
1991, Barry Raybould Content is a core component of e-learning and includes issues such as pedagogy and learning object re-use. Pedagogical elements are an attempt to define structures or units of educational material. Many learning organizations are beginning to use smaller CBT/WBT activities as part of a broader online learning program which may include online discussion or other interactive elements. Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is one of the most promising innovations to improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology.
Creating a course requires putting together a sequence of learning objects. From the learners point of view this provides the ability to pause and rewind and gives the learner the advantage to move at their own pace, something a classroom cannot always offer.
Somewhere between these extremes is an ideal pedagogy that allows a particular educator to effectively create educational materials while simultaneously providing the most engaging educational experiences for students. It is possible to use various pedagogical approaches for eLearning which include: Much effort has been put into the technical reuse of electronically-based teaching materials and in particular creating or re-using Learning Objects. On the other hand, complex pedagogical approaches can be difficult to set up and slow to develop, though they have the potential to provide more engaging learning experiences for students.
Most recent developments in CSCL have been called E-Learning 2.0, but the concept of collaborative or group learning whereby instructional methods are designed to encourage or require students to work together on learning tasks has existed much longer. Many activities, essential for the learners in these environments, require frequent chat sessions in the form of virtual classrooms and/or blog meetings.
The concept is generally seen as being distinct from the use of computers in ways where learning is at least a peripheral element of the experience (e.g. The software for developing CBTs (such as Flash or Adobe Director) is often more complex than a subject matter expert or teacher is able to use.
While this can refer to the use of computers in a classroom, the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes. While some programs require students to attend some campus classes or orientations, many are delivered completely online.
Social networks have been used to foster online learning communities around subjects as diverse as test preparation and language education. Most eLearning situations use combinations of these techniques. The term E-Learning 2.0 E-Learning 2.0, by contrast to e-learning systems not based on CSCL, assumes that knowledge (as meaning and understanding) is socially constructed.
Simple pedagogical approaches make it easy to create content, but lack flexibility, richness and downstream functionality. They are also relatively vertical specific: SIF is primarily pK-12, LOM is primarily Corp, Military and Higher Ed, and SCORM is primarily Military and Corp with some Higher Ed.
Assessing learning in a CBT usually comes in the form of multiple choice questions, or other assessments that can be easily scored by a computer. CBTs can be a good alternative to printed learning materials since rich media, including videos or animations, can easily be embedded to enhance the learning. Some will take this even further and repeat the cycle such as BOFA which is aimed at the Eleven plus exam set in the UK. The term learning design has sometimes come to refer to the type of activity enabled by software such as the open-source system LAMS which supports sequences of activities that can be both adaptive and collaborative.
Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) is a term used to describe using handheld computers or cell phones to assist in language learning. E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. Each state government s content standards and achievement benchmarks are critical metadata for linking e-learning objects in that space. An excellent example of e-learning that relates to knowledge management and reusability is Navy E-Learning, which is available to Active Duty, Retired, or Disable Military members.
These units should be format independent, so although it may be in any of the following methods, pedagogical structures would not include a textbook, a web page, a video conference or Podcast. When beginning to create e-Learning content, the pedagogical approaches need to be evaluated. In addition, the lack of human interaction can limit both the type of content that can be presented as well as the type of assessment that can be performed.
According to Johnson-Eilola, a “Smart Board system provides a 72-inch, rear projection, touchscreen, intelligent whiteboard surface for work” (79). The IMS Learning Design specification is intended as a standard format for learning designs, and IMS LD Level A is supported in LAMS V2.elearning has been replacing the traditional settings due to its cost effectiveness. An Electronic performance support systems (EPSS) is a computer-based system that improves worker productivity by providing on-the-job access to integrated information, advice, and learning experiences .
The Sloan report, based on a poll of academic leaders, says that students generally appear to be at least as satisfied with their on-line classes as they are with traditional ones. Both the communities provide a general overview of the basic learning models and the activities required for the participants to join the learning sessions across the virtual classroom or even across standard classrooms enabled by technology.
Online education is rapidly increasing, and online doctoral programs have even developed at leading research universities. Early E-Learning systems, based on Computer-Based Learning/Training often attempted to replicate autocratic teaching styles whereby the role of the e-learning system was assumed to be for transferring knowledge, as opposed to systems developed later based on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), which encouraged the shared development of knowledge. As early as 1993, Graziadei, W. The e-learning system not only provides learning objectives, but also evaluates the progress of the student and credit can be earned toward higher learning institutions.
They described a process at the State University of New York (SUNY) of evaluating products and developing an overall strategy for technology-based course development and management in teaching-learning. The advantage of such tools is that it gives the presenter the ability to show his ideas and flow of thoughts rather than simply explain them, which may be more confusing when delivered via simple text instructions.
For example, this could be a lesson, an assignment, a multiple choice question, a quiz, a discussion group or a case study. Synchronous activities occur with all participants joining in at once, as with an online chat session or a virtual classroom or meeting. Virtual classrooms and meetings can often use a mix of communication technologies. In many models, the writing community and the communication channels relate with the E-learning and the M-learning communities.
There are many screencasting tools available but the latest buzz is all about the web based screencasting tools which allow the users to create screencasts directly from their browser and make the video available online so that the viewers can stream the video directly. The idea here is that participants may engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants involvement at the same time.
The product(s) had to be easy to use and maintain, portable, replicable, scalable, and immediately affordable, and they had to have a high probability of success with long-term cost-effectiveness. This on-line tool provides certificate courses to enrich the user in various subjects related to military training and civilian skill sets.
It is also broader than the terms Online Learning or Online Education which generally refer to purely web-based learning. suggests that in 2009, 44 per cent of post-secondary students in the USA were taking some or all of their courses online, and projected that this figure would rise to 81 per cent by 2014.
